Ragnarok Online Renewal Item Database

An ancient book of sacred songs handed down in the cathedral. It is said to have sold like hotcakes, published as one of a series. Mdef + 2 Enables Level 1 Odin's Power: Buffs the user for 60 seconds; ATK + 70, MATK + 70, Def - 20 and Mdef - 20.

A holy bible blessed by priests. ------------------------ Cannot be destroyed. ------------------------ MATK + 220. ------------------------ MATK + 5%, SPL + 2. ------------------------ Increase Diamond Storm damage by 5%. ------------------------ When refined to +5 or higher, increase Diamond Storm damage by additional 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, increase Water and Earth property magic damage by 5%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase Diamond Storm damage by additional 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +10 or higher, reduce Variable Casting Time by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, increase Diamond Storm damage by additional 5% and Terra Drive damage by 15%. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] Increase Water and Earth property magic damage by 10%. [Grade C] Increase magic damage against all sizes enemies by 10%. [Grade B] Increase magic damage against all races enemies by 10%. [Grade A] Increase magic damage against all property enemies by 10%. ------------------------

A bloody dress worn by Celine Kimi. It provides a different power compared to the other dress. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MATK + 10. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, MATK + 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +10 or higher, Armor will be indestructible in battle. ------------------------ Set Bonus: Bloody Celine Dress [1] Celine Kimi Card When performing magic attack, there's a low chance to transform into Celine Kimi for 5 seconds. While transformed, reduce After Cast Delay by 50%, MATK + 25%, when performing magic attack, there's a low chance to autocast Lv.1 Vituperatum. ------------------------ Set Bonus: Bloody Celine Dress [1] Evil Spirit Glove [1] MATK + 50. When performing physical attack, there's a low chance to autocast Lv.3 Soul Expansion. When performing magic attack, there's a low chance to autocast Lv.1 Intensification. ------------------------ Set Bonus: Bloody Celine Dress [1] Celine's Ribbon [1] Reduce damage taken from Demihuman and Human/Doram Player enemies by 7%. When headgear is refined to +12 or higher, increase magic damage against Boss class enemies by 15%. ------------------------ Def : 40

It was desinged based on the last doll. It's stained with old blood. Dex + 3 MATK + 10 Increase Resist to Human Players by 7% Increase Resist to Doram Players by 7% When refined to +7 or higher ASPD +10% Reduce Aftercast Delay by 10% When refined to +8 or higher Gains Indestructible in Battle. When equipped with Evilspirit Gloves, ATK +50 mATK +50 ASPD +1 When Physically Attacking, Adds a cast to cast [Soul Expansion] Lv1 on the target When Magically Attacking, Adds a chance to cast [Intense Telekinesis] Lv1 on the wearer When Physically or Magically attacked Adds a chance to cast [Heal] Lv5 on the wearer When equipped with Celine Ribbon, mATK + 20 for every refine level on the Bloody Dress. All Stats + 1 for every refine level on the Bloody Dress When Celine Ribbon refine rate is 7 or higher, Increases magical damage by 15% to boss monsters, When Celine Ribbon refine rate is 9 or higher, Increases magical damage by 15% to boss monsters,

The purification ceremony failed, causing a darker curse of blood. There seems to be no more way to purify this shield. Increases attack speed (reduces delay after attack by 10%). ATK + 3%, MATK + 3%. Reduces damage taken from all properties by 7%. When receiving damage, has a low chance to recovery 25 SP per second for 5 seconds. When dealing physical or magical damage, has a low chance to recovery 150 HP per second for 5 seconds. If refine rate is 7 or higher, ATK + 10, MATK + 10. If refine rate is 9 or higher, ASPD + 1. If refine rate is 12 or higher, reduces delay after skill by 3%.

A staff that has the power of cold ice that was used by a great wizard in the past. It seems to resonate with Ancient Hero Boots. Cannot be destroyed in battle. MATK +200 Every 2 Refine level MATK +10 Every 3 Refine level Jack Frost skill damage increased by 12%. When Refine level is 9, damage of Water Element magic skills increased by 7%. When Refine level is 11, Jack Frost skill cooltime decreased by 1s, magic damage given to Fire Element enemies increased by 7%. When equipped together with Ancient Hero Boots and attacking with magic attacks, with a fixed rate for 7 INT +20, MATK +15%. Weapon Lv: 4 Required Lv: 100 Required Job: Warlock Jobs

An improved version of the staff with the power of cold ice used by an archmage in the past. ------------------------ Indestructible in battle. MATK + 235, MATK + 5%. ------------------------ When character base level 210 or higher, SPL + 2, S.MATK + 1. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MATK + 15. For every 3 refine level, increases Jack Frost damage by 12%. When refine level 7 or more, reduced variable casting by 10%, and increases Water, Wind, and Ghost magic damage by 15%. When refine level 9 or more, reduced Jack Frost skill cooldown by 1 second, reduced global cooldown is by 5%, and increased Soul Expansion damage is 30%. When refine level 11 or more, increases magic damage to enemies of all sizes by 15%, chain lightning damage by 30% ------------------------ Set Bonus Blue Crystal Staff-LT [2] Hero Boots-LT [1] MATK + 10%, S.MATK + 2. ------------------------ [Bonus By Grade] [Grade D] MATK + 3%. [Grade C] increases Water, Wind, and Ghost magic damage by 15%, S.MATK + 1. [Grade B] SPL + 3, S.MATK + 2. ------------------------ Weapon Lv : 5

An armor imbued with immense draconic energy accumulated over a long time. Just wearing it makes you feel draconic wisdom. ------------------------ INT +12, MHP +5%, MSP +20%. For every 2 refine level, MATK +2%, healing recovery +4%. For every 3 refine level, Increases magical damage against dragon monster by 7%. If refine rate is 11 or higher, increases magical damage against medium and large size monsters by 10%, reduces fixed casting time by 0.2 seconds. ------------------------ Set Bonus Blue Dragon Plate Dragon Scale Hood Dragon Scale Boots DEF +50, MDEF +8, MATK +7%, healing recovery +15%. For every 15 base INT, Reduces variable casting time by 4%, MATK +8 and Healing Recovery +1%. [Dragon's Wisdom] When attacked, has a chance to increase magical damage of all properties by 20% and heal amount by 40% for 10 seconds. If the base INT is 120 or higher,increases the activation rate of [Dragon's Wisdom], additional increase magical damage of all properties by 10%. If the sum of refine rate of Blue Dragon Plate, Dragon Scale Boots and Dragon Scale Hood is 33 or higher, reduces variable casting time by 20% reduces global cooldown by 25%. ------------------------

Two-handed Rod that contains the essense of fire and water elements. Can not be destroyed. INT + 7, MATK + 300. Increase MATK + 1% per 2 refine rates If refined to +7 or higher, increase fire, earth, water, holy magic damage by 5%. If refined to +9 or higher, increase fire, earth, water, holy magic damage by 10%. If refined to +11 or higher, reduce damage from all size monsters by 20%. If refined to +13 or higher, reduce delay after skill by 15%.

A customized blue Thanatos Necklace. It has been modified to restore spirit energy to the user. ------------------------ ATK + 5%, MATK + 5%. ------------------------ Set Bonus: Blue Mental Pendant The Agony of Thanatos [1] For every 4 refine level of Headgear, reduce After Cast Delay by 2%. When the refine level of Headgear is +7 or higher, There's a 1% chance to restore 3% of damage as SP when performing physical attack. There's a 4% chance to restore 70 SP per second for 4 times when performing magical attack. When the refine level of Headgear is +9 or higher, ATK + 5%, MATK + 5%. When the refine level of Headgear is +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ This item can be enchanted with Dark Stone. ------------------------ Def: 0

An improved version of the Blue Mental Pendant. It has the power to restore SP. ATK + 8%, MATK + 8%. ------------------------ Set Bonus: Blue Mental Pendant-LT [1] The Agony of Thanatos-LT [1] For every 4 refine level of headgear, reduces After Cast Delay by 2%. When headgear refined +7 or higher, Adds a 2% chance of restoring 4% of damage as SP when doing physical attack. Adds a 2% chance to recover 100 SP per second for 10 seconds when doing magical attack. When headgear refined +9 or higher, ATK +5%, MATK +5%, P.ATK +3, S.MATK +3. When headgear refined +10 or higher, reduces Fixed Casting Time by 0.2 seconds. ------------------------ Def : 0

MATK + 160 ATK + 3% Increase Fire Property Magic Damage by 3%. ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine level. ATK + 3, MATK + 3 per 15 Base Levels up to Base Level 180. If refined to +7 or higher, increases Fire Property Magic Damage by 1% for each level of Intimidate known. If refined to +9 or higher, increase physical and magical damage to all sizes of enemies by 10%. When equipped with Elemental Booster Set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Increase magical damage to all sizes of enemies by 10%. Increases Meteor Storm Damage by 2% per 15 Base Levels up to Base Level 180. When using Preserve, increases Meteor Storm damage by an addition 25% for 60 seconds. If equipped with Attacker Booster Set (Plate, Manteau, Greaves, and Ring), ATK + 5% Reduces after cast delay by 15%. Increases Fatal Menace Damage by 1% per 15 base level up to base level 180. When using Preserve, increase Fatal Menace damage by an addition 20% for 60 seconds.

Special one-handed wand prepared for your rapid growth. Indestructible. MATK + 260 ATK + 5% MATK + 5% Increases ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine rate. Increases ATK + 3, MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or greater, reduces variable casting time by 2% per level of Nyangrass, increases long-distance physical damage by 2% per level of Soul of Savage. If refine rate is +9 or greater, increases physical and magical damage to enemies of all sizes by 10%. When equipped with Elemental Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Increases magic damage against enemies of all sizes by 10%. Increases Catnip Meteor damage by 2% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Spearmint Spear, increases Catnip Meteor Damage by additional 35% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Range Booster set (Suit, Manteau, Boots, and Brooch), ATK + 20 Reduces After Skill Delay by 10%. Picky Peck damage increased by 2% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Akraus Dash, increases Picky Peck damage by additional 35% for 60 seconds.

Special instrument prepared for your rapid growth. MATK + 160 ATK + 3% Non-property magic damage increased by 3%. Increases ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine rate. Increases ATK + 3, MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or higher, reduces variable casting by 1% per level of Instrument Handling. If refine rate is +9 or higher, increases physical and magical damage to enemies of all sizes by 10%. When equipped with Elemental Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Reduces After Skill Delay by 10%. Reverberation damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When Improve Concentration is used, Reverberation damage increases by an additional 20% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Range Booster set (Suit, Manteau, Boots, and Brooch), ATK + 20 Severe Rainstorm skill cooldown reduced by 2 seconds. Severe Rainstorm damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When Improve Concentration is used, Severe Rainstorm damage increases by additional 20% for 60 seconds.

Special blunt weapon prepared for your rapid growth. Indestructible. MATK + 160 ATK + 3% Holy property magic damage increased by 3%. Increases ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine rate. Increases ATK + 3, MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or higher, increases Holy property magic damage by additional 1% per level of Meditatio. If refine rate is +9 or higher, increases physical and magical damage to enemies of all sizes by 10%. When equipped with Defiant Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Increases Judex damage by 30%. Adoramus damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Magnificat, additionally increases Adoramus damage by 20% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Range Booster set (Suit, Manteau, Boots, and Brooch), ASPD + 2 Increase critical damage by 10%. Duple light damage increased by 2% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Magnificat, additionally increases Duple Light damage by 35% for 60 seconds.

MATK + 160 ATK + 3% Increases Water, Wind, and Fire property magic attack by 3%. ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine level. ATK + 3, MATK + 3 for every 15 base levels up to base level 180. If refined to +7 or higher, reduces variable cast time by 1% per level of Ninja Mastery known. If refined to +9 or higher, increases physical and magical damage to enemies of all sizes by 10%. When worn with Elemental Booster Set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earring), MATK + 20 Reduces after cast delay by 10%. Flaming Petals, Freezing Spear, Wind Blade increase damage by 2% per 15 base levels up to base level 180. When using Ninja Aura, increases damage of Flaming Petals, Freezing Spear, Wind Blade by 35% for 60 seconds. When worn with Ranged Booster Set (Suit, Manteau, Boots, and Brooch), ATK + 20 Cross Slash cool down reduced by 1 second. Increases Kunai Explosion Damage by 1% per 15 base levels up to 180 base levels. When using Ninja Aura, increase Kunai Explosion damage by 20% for 60 seconds.

Special one-handed spear prepared for your rapid growth. MATK + 160 ATK + 3% Holy property magic damage increased by 3%. Increases ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine rate. Increases ATK + 3, MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or greater, increases Holy property magic damage by additional 1% per level of Faith. If refine rate is +9 or greater, increases Ranged Physical Damage by 10%. When equipped with Defiant Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Reduce after cast delay by 10%. Ray of Genesis damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Cure, increases Ray of Genesis damage by additional 20% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Ranged booster set (Suit, Manteau, Boots, and Brooch), ASPD + 2 Ranged physical damage increased by 10%. Increases Vanishing Point damage by 2% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Spear Quicken, additionally increases Vanishing Point damage by 35% for 60 seconds.

Special Spellbook prepared for your rapid growth. MATK + 165 MATK + 2% Increase non-attribute magic damage by 3%. MATK + 3 per refine rate. Increases MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or greater, increases non-attribute magic damage by an additional 2% per level of Life Replacement. If refine rate is +9 or greater, increases magic damage against enemies of all sizes by 10%. When equipped with Elemental Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Increases magic damage against enemies of all sizes by 10%. Psychic Wave damage increased by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Memorize, increases Psychic Wave damage by additional 20% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Defiant Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 ASPD + 2 Increases Fire, Cold, and Lightning Bolt damage by 2% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When Double Casting is used, Fire, Cold, and Lightning Bolt damage increases by additional 35% for 60 seconds.

Special staff prepared for your rapid growth. Indestructible. MATK + 200 MATK + 2% Increases Fire property magic damage by 3%. Increases MATK + 3 per refine rate. Increases MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or higher, increases Fire property magic damage by additional 1% per level of Magic Power Amplification. If refine rate is +9 or higher, increases Fire, Wind, and Water magic damage by 10%. When equipped with Elemental Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Increases magic damage against enemies of all sizes by 10%. Crimson Rock damage increased by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When using Magic Power Amplification, increase Crimson Rock damage by additional 20% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Defiant Booster (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Reduces After Skill Delay by 10%. Soul Expansion damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When Magic Amplification is used, Soul Expansion damage increases by additional 20% for 60 seconds.

Special whip prepared for your rapid growth. MATK + 160 ATK + 3% Non-property magic damage increased by 3%. Increases ATK + 2, MATK + 2 per refine rate. Increases ATK + 3, MATK + 3 per 15 base levels up to level 180. If refine rate is +7 or higher, variable casting time decreases by 1% per level of Dance Practice. If refine rate is +9 or higher, increases physical and magical damage to enemies of all sizes by 10%. When equipped with Elemental Booster set (Robe, Muffler, Shoes, and Earrings), MATK + 20 Reduces After Skill Delay by 10%. Reverberation damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When Improve Concentration is used, Reverberation damage increases by additional 20% for 60 seconds. When equipped with Range Booster set (Suit, Manteau, Boots, and Brooch), ATK + 20 Severe Rainstorm skill cooldown reduced by 2 seconds. Severe Rainstorm damage increases by 1% per 15 base levels up to level 180. When Improve Concentration is used, Severe Rainstorm damage increases by additional 20% for 60 seconds.

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee and long-ranged physical damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical and magical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, MATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase Ghost, Shadow, and Water property magic damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase magical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def : 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee and long-ranged physical damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%, MATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee physical damage and all property magic damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical and magical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee and long-ranged physical damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, MATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase all property magic damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase magic damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%, MATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase long-range physical damage and all property magic damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical and magical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK, MATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee physical and Holy property magic damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical and magical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee and long-ranged physical damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20

Boots imbued with the power of good and evil. ------------------------ MHP + 500, MSP + 100. ------------------------ For every 2 refine level, MHP + 1%, MSP + 1%. ------------------------ When refined to +7 or higher, ATK + 7%. ------------------------ When refined to +9 or higher, increase melee and long-ranged physical damage by 10%. ------------------------ When refined to +11 or higher, reduce Fixed Casting Time by 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ [Grade Bonus] [Grade D] RES + 50, MRES + 50. [Grade C] Increase physical damage against all size enemies by 10%. [Grade B] P.ATK + 7, S.MATK + 7. [Grade A] Reduce Fixed Casting Time by additional 0.5 seconds. ------------------------ Def: 20